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The
battle for Normandy may have begun on 6 June 1944 when British,
American, Canadian and other Allied Forces successfully
landed on five separate beaches on its Atlantic coastline…but it
certainly didn’t end there!
Within
days these same forces had broken out of their beach perimeters and
were advancing into the surrounding Norman countryside and coming
face-to-face with a new enemy… The Bocage!
‘Fighting in the bocage’ refers to the brutal,
claustrophobic hedgerow warfare that erupted in Normandy, France during
the bloody weeks after the D.Day Landings.
As
the Allies soon discovered the word ‘bocage’ describes
a centuries-old terrain patchwork of small fields and pastures
bordered by sunken dirt roads and high earthen walls.
Over
hundreds of years, these same walls became tightly entangled with
dense brush and tree roots sometimes reaching up to 10-15 feet in
height!
This
extremely difficult terrain nullified the Allies huge superiority in
airpower, armour and artillery. Because of this it turned the
Normandy campaign into a long, slow, bloody, field-by-field battle
that became known as the ‘Hedgerow Hell!’
How The ‘Bocage’ Favoured The Defenders
The
defending Germans rapidly utilized this Norman landscape to build a
deeply-layered, highly-lethal defensive web including:
Natural
Bunkers: By
digging into the thick earthen banks German troops shielded
themselves from the majority of small-arms fire and shell fragments.
Inverted
Trenches: Hollowed-out
hedgerows allowed enemy infantry to hide and move easily between
different positions without being seen.
Pre-Sighted
Kill Zones: Machine
guns, snipers alongwith anti tank guns and rockets often targeted the
few open gaps and choke-points between the various fields.
Concealed
Armour: At
the same time, German tanks such as the Tiger, Panther and Panzer Ⅳ could
easily hide in the dense brush and ambush advancing Allied vehicles
at point-blank range.
Tactical Challenges for Allied Troops
All
of the attacking British, American and Canadian troops suffered heavy
casualties due to their own severe, structural limitations.
BLIND
ATTACKS: The
vast majority of Allied soldiers could rarely see into an adjacent
field or pasture leaving them ‘blind’ to well-hidden ambushes.
VULNERABLE
ARMOUR: Standard
Allied tanks trying to climb over a steep earth embankment exposed
their highly vulnerable unarmoured undersides to enemy artillery and
rocket fire.
STALLED
MOMENTUM: Entire
advancing units of Allied Infantry and Armour could be ruthlessly
pinned- down by just a handful of well-placed machine gun nests and
mortar pits.
‘NECESSITY IS THE MOTHER OF INVENTION’
To
break this bloody stalemate and move forward the Allies had to
quickly modify their tools and adapt their tactics… Among the most
successful were:
The ‘Rhino’ Tanks: Designed by a humble U.S.
Army tank sergeant, Curtis G. Culin who came up with his
very original ‘Hedge-Cutter’ utilizing scrap metal
recovered from Omaha and Utah beaches. These ‘pronged’ ‘teeth’
were welded onto the lower front of Sherman and Stuart tanks
allowing them to slice straight through the earth walls rather than
climbing over them.
Another
method of getting through the Bocage was Combat Engineer
Blasting: This involved using specialized Army Engineers
with plastic explosives to blow massive gaps directly through the
bocage thereby avoiding the fatal choke and ambush points.
Combined Arms Tactics: Units learned rapidly
to coordinate tanks, infantry, plus artillery and mortar support to
clear individual areas one step at a time.
And
now here is the perfect example of one of those very important tools
in the Allied arsenal that helped break through that terrible
Normandy ‘bocage’.
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